BIVA provides an effective individualized assessment tool for metabolic and fluid management in septic shock. PhA and hydration status are robust prognostic indicators; the ECW/ICW-lactate correlation reveals the pathophysiological link between tissue edema and hypoperfusion; and positional BIVA testing with upper-arm pressure gradient offers an innovative method for non-invasive assessment of fluid responsiveness.
Zhuang et al. (Mon,) studied this question.