Flax (Linum usitatissimum L. ) is a versatile crop grown worldwide. Its seeds contain valuable oil, while its stems provide natural fiber. Flax products have a wide range of applications. Flax seeds, in particular, are used in the food industry due to their high content of omega-3 fatty acids, easily digestible proteins, lignans, and fiber. Incorporating flax products into a diet can positively impact human health by promoting digestion and strengthening the immune system (Čeh et al. , 2020;Jahan et al. , 2024). Linseed oil, derived from flax seeds, has numerous applications in pharmaceuticals and medicine, and various industries. It is used in the production of soaps, oilcloth, patent leather, waterproof textiles, paints, varnishes, linoleum and printing ink. Additionally, it serves as mild insect repellents and antifungal agent (Chaudhary et al. , 2016;Hall et al. , 2016;Emara et al. , 2024). Furthermore, flax fiber is in high demand in modern industries. Its versatility and strength make it an important material for various products. It is used in the production of high-quality textiles, powders, and composite materials (Asyraf et al. , 2022;More, 2022). Biotic (pathogens and diseases) and abiotic environmental factors (heat, drought, salinity, lodging, and waterlogging) significantly reduce flax productivity (Vera et al. , 2012;Heller and Byczyńska, 2015;Dubey et al. , 2020;Moyse et al. , 2023). Therefore, developing new resistant varieties is a top priority in agriculture. Using molecular markers and genome editing to select promising plants can greatly increase breeding efficiency (Zhernova et al. , 2025), but there are currently few informative molecular markers available, particularly for complex traits like lodging resistance. Flax often suffers from lodging, especially in conditions of heavy precipitation and wind. Mature plants with upper shoots heavily loaded with capsules and numerous branches are especially susceptible (Vera et al. , 2012). Lodging is a condition in which flax plants lie flat on the ground due to extreme weather or mechanical stress, making them vulnerable to rot and difficult to harvest with machines. Lodging resistance is a complex multifactorial trait that is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions. Lodging resistance refers to the ability of plants to recover from stress after exposure to adverse conditions. This includes regaining an upright position. Thus, there are ways to reduce lodging in flax plants by selecting the appropriate sowing density and optimal amount of fertilizer (Dey et al. , 2022;Xu et al. , 2022). Sowing density has been shown to affect lodging resistance by regulating lignin synthesis, but, the mechanism varies between highly lodging-resistant and susceptible varieties (Gao et al. , 2018;Xu et al. , 2022;Pushkova et al. , 2024). Phloem fibers and their cell wall characteristics have been shown to play a crucial role in plant lodging resistance (Bourmaud et al. , 2015;Ibragimova et al. , 2017). Numerous experiments have been conducted in artificially induced lodging conditions -gravistimulation. These experiments have yielded extensive data on the transcriptomic profiles and the microscopic structure of plant organs involved in the response to lodging (Gorshkov et al. , 2017;Mokshina et al. , 2018;Mokshina et al. , 2024;Gorshkova et al. , 2025). It has been demonstrated that other plant tissues contribute to flax resistance to lodging (Petrova et al. , 2024). However, information on the genetic basis of this resistance is still extremely scarce. It has been shown that the Lu2560 marker is associated with lodging resistance, explaining 8. 9% of the phenotypic variation (Soto-Cerda et al. , 2014;You and Cloutier, 2020). Clearly, further research into the flax genome is necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms behind lodging resistance. The aim of this study was to obtain transcriptomic data at various stages of plant development and for various organs for seven flax varieties differing in lodging resistance (five resistant to lodging and two susceptible). Transcriptomic data will help to understand the functions of genes and, therefore, make it possible to use methods of marker-assisted selection and genome editing. Material and MethodsThe study included seven flax varieties selected for their differences in lodging resistance. The seeds are obtained from the collection of the Institute for Flax in Torzhok (Russia). Materials for the study were collected from the fields of the Institute for Flax in 2024 at various stages of development. The analysis included five lodging-resistant varieties: Rosinka (Ros), Belinka (Bel), Alizee (Ali), Grant (Gr), v-8744-10 (v87) ; and two lodging-susceptible: k-470 Porkhovsky kryazh (k47) and Priziv 81 (Pri). The flax varieties presented in the study also differ in terms of maturity rate and fiber quality. The early-maturing genotypes include v-8744-10, k-470 Porkhovsky kryazh, and Priziv 81. The latematuring varieties are Rosinka, Belinka, and Alizee. The medium-ripening genotype is Grant. In terms of spinning ability, Priziv 81 and v-8744-10 grades have the highest fiber quality, Rosinka and k-470 Porkhovsky kryazh are average, Belinka, Alizee, and Grant are unsatisfactory. The spinning ability directly depends on the calculated relative breaking strength of the yarn. Rosinka, Alizee, and Grant have a high fiber number, while Belinka, k-470 Porkhovsky Kryazh, and Priziv 81 have a medium fiber number, and v-8744-10, on the other hand, has a low fiber number. The fiber number depends on a set of characteristics, including strength, flexibility, fiber length, etc. (Rozhmina et al. , 2024). We selected a diverse range of flax varieties for this study, as our goal was to obtain a useful and informative set of transcriptomic data that could later be used to comprehensively analyze the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits. Flax was grown in open field conditions from the end of May to the middle of August, with a density of 2. 5 cm per hole, and was additionally watered manually if there was insufficient rainfall. The field experiment was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for flax (Ponazhev et al. , 2014). The soil in the experimental area is a sod-medium podzolic loam with a high phosphorus content of 214-350 mg/kg. It is slightly acidic with a pH of 5. 4-5. 8. Fertilizers and herbicides were not used for this experiment. Samples were collected at four stages of flax development: 1st stage -3-10 leaves stage (35 days after germination), 2nd stageactive growth stage (45 days after germination), 3rd stagebudding/early flowering stage (60 days after germination), and 4th stagegreen maturity stage (80 days after germination). Transcriptomic data were obtained for roots (root), hypocotyls (hyp), stem fragments sampled at 1/3 of stem technical length (stem), snap points (sp), stem fragments 1-3 cm below the apex (stem₁₃ₜop), stems under panicles (stₚanicle), and leaves from the middle third of stems (leaves) (Figure 1). The snap point is the point above which the elongation of bast fiber cells has been fully completed. The snap point is present until the end of the linear growth of the stem (Gorshkova et al. , 2003). This material was chosen for the study because the stem and phloem fibers play a crucial role in lodging resistance. 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This the high of the Additionally, there are of as of snap points and stem fragments 1-3 cm from the as well as stems under the panicles and stems at 1/3 of stem technical The transcriptomic data obtained to significantly of flax in various organs at stages of research included flax varieties with of resistance to field conditions lodging, it can be which varieties are to be by lodging, on as the of the stem stem and However, the of resistant and susceptible flax varieties in the field is due to the complex and of environmental Additionally, are for plant and stages of development. We that differences in the of varieties can be at the molecular Transcriptomic data obtained can be valuable for the of genes in plant particularly lodging resistance. 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Its seeds contain valuable oil, while its and stems provide natural Flax products The have a wide range of applications of flax products are Flax seeds, in particular, are used in the food industry for due to their high content of omega-3 fatty acids, easily digestible proteins, lignans, and fiber. Incorporating flax products into a diet has positively human health by promoting digestion and strengthening the immune system (Čeh et al. , 2020;Jahan et al. , 2024). Linseed oil, derived from flax seeds, has numerous applications in pharmaceuticals and medicine, and as well as in various industries. It is used in the production as of patent leather, waterproof textiles, paints, and varnishes, linoleum and, printing Additionally, it serves as mild insect repellents and antifungal (Chaudhary et al. , 2016;Hall et al. , 2016;Emara et al. , 2024). flax fiber is high demand in modern industries. Its versatility and strength make it an important material for various products. It is used in the production of textiles, powders, and composite materials (Asyraf et al. , 2022;More, 2022). Biotic (pathogens and diseases) and abiotic environmental factors (heat, drought, salinity, lodging, and waterlogging) environmental factors significantly reduce flax productivity (Vera et al. , 2012;Heller and Byczyńska, 2015;Dubey et al. , 2020;Moyse et al. , 2023). Therefore, developing new resistant varieties is of top in agriculture. The use molecular markers and genome editing for to selecting promising plants can significantly greatly increase breeding efficiency (Zhernova et al. , there are currently few informative molecular markers particularly are for complex traits lodging resistance, in often suffers from lodging, especially under in conditions of heavy precipitation and Mature plants with upper shoots heavily with capsules and numerous branches are particularly especially susceptible (Vera et al. , 2012). Lodging is a condition in which flax plants lie flat on the ground due to extreme weather or mechanical stress, making them vulnerable to rot and difficult to harvest with machines. Lodging resistance is a complex multifactorial trait that is influenced by depends on both the genotype genetic factors and environmental conditions. Lodging resistance refers to the ability of plants to recover from stress after exposure to adverse conditions. This includes regaining an upright position. Thus, there are ways to reduce the of lodging in flax plants by selecting the appropriate sowing density and the optimal amount of (Dey et al. , 2022;Xu et al. , 2022). It has been shown that density has been shown to lodging resistance by regulating lignin synthesis, However, the mechanism is between highly lodging-resistant and varieties (Gao et al. , 2018;Xu et al. , 2022;Pushkova et al. , 2024). Phloem fibers and their cell wall characteristics have been shown to play a crucial role in plant lodging resistance (Bourmaud et al. , 2015;Ibragimova et al. , 2017). The the of experiments have been conducted in artificially conditions lodging conditions -gravistimulation. experiments have yielded extensive data on the transcriptomic profiles and the microscopic structure of plant organs involved in the response to lodging response were obtained (Gorshkov et al. , 2017;Mokshina et al. , 2018;Mokshina et al. , 2024;Gorshkova et al. , 2025). It has been shown demonstrated that other plant tissues contribute to flax the resistance of flax plants to lodging (Petrova et al. , 2024). However, on the genetic basis of this lodging resistance is still extremely scarce. It has been shown that the Lu2560 marker is associated with lodging resistance, with an explaining 8. 9% of the phenotypic variation of 8. 9% (Soto-Cerda et al. , 2014;You and Cloutier, 2020). a study research into the flax genome is to identify the molecular mechanisms of behind lodging resistance. The aim of study was to obtain transcriptomic data at various stages of plant development and for various organs for seven flax genotypes varieties differing in lodging resistance (five were resistant to lodging and two were susceptible). Transcriptomic data will help to understand the functions of genes and, therefore, make it possible to use methods of marker-assisted selection and genome study included seven flax selected for their differences in lodging resistance. The seeds are obtained from the collection of the Institute for Flax in Torzhok (Russia). and for the study were collected at from the fields of the Institute for Flax in Torzhok in 2024 at various stages of development. The analysis included five genotypes varieties lodging-resistant varieties to Rosinka (Ros), Belinka (Bel), Alizee (Ali), Grant (Gr), v-8744-10 (v87) ; and two to k-470 Porkhovsky kryazh (k47) and Priziv 81 (Pri). The flax varieties presented in the study also differ in terms of maturity rate and fiber quality. The early-maturing genotypes include v-8744-10, k-470 Porkhovsky and Priziv 81. The varieties are Rosinka, Belinka, and Alizee. The medium-ripening genotype In terms of spinning ability, Priziv 81 and v-8744-10 grades have the highest fiber quality, Rosinka and k-470 Porkhovsky kryazh are average, Belinka, Alizee, and Grant are spinning ability directly depends on the calculated relative breaking strength of the yarn. Rosinka, Alizee, and Grant have a high fiber number, while Belinka, k-470 Porkhovsky Kryazh, and Priziv 81 have a medium fiber number, and v-8744-10, on the other hand, has a low fiber fiber number depends on a set of characteristics, including strength, flexibility, fiber length, etc. (Rozhmina et al. , 2024). We selected a diverse range of flax varieties for this study, as our goal was to obtain a useful and informative set of transcriptomic data that could later be used to comprehensively analyze the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits. Flax was grown under in the open field conditions from the end of May to the middle of August, with a density of 2. 5 per and was additionally watered manually if there was insufficient rainfall. The field experiment was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for flax (Ponazhev et al. , 2014). The soil in the experimental area is a sod-medium podzolic loam with a high phosphorus content of 214-350 mg/kg. It is slightly acidic with a pH of 5. 4-5. 8. Fertilizers and herbicides were not used for this experiment. Samples were collected at four stages of flax development: 1st stage -3-10 leaves stage (35 days after germination), 2nd stageactive growth stage (45 days after germination), 3rd stagebudding/early flowering stage (60 days after germination), and 4th stagegreen maturity stage (80 days after germination). Transcriptomic data were obtained for roots (root), hypocotyls (hyp), stem fragments sampled at 1/3 of stem technical length (stem), snap points (sp), stem fragments 1-3 cm below the apex (stem₁₃ₜop), stems under the panicles (stₚanicle), and leaves from the middle third of stems (leaves) (Figure 1). The snap point is the above which the elongation of bast fiber cells is has been fully completed. The snap point is present until the end of the linear growth of the stem (Gorshkova et al. , 2003). This material was selected chosen for the study due because to the stem and phloem fibers play a crucial role in lodging resistance. We was necessary to collect various parts of the stem, including the point where the fibers reach as well as In an important to plant resistance is by the which functions the plant in the and to plant resistance. 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Zhernova et al. (Fri,) studied this question.