Agrobacterium strain, promoter of selection marker gene, medium for co-cultivation and regeneration, and culture vessel were important for efficient transformation in carnation

Key Points

• Transformation efficiency significantly increases with the use of specific Agrobacterium strains and selection markers.
• Key findings indicate that co-cultivation medium and culture vessel design impact plant regeneration outcomes.
• This analysis assesses several parameters affecting Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in carnation flowers.
• Such insights may enable more effective methods for genetically modifying carnation and similar plants.