Foundation design for expansive soils in Sudan presents a unique challenge due to their expansive properties that cause soil swelling and shrinkage, leading to structural instability. A combination of laboratory testing and field observations was employed to evaluate different foundation options, including reinforced concrete piles and deep foundations. Statistical analysis using regression models was used to predict soil behaviour under varying conditions. The results indicate that the use of geopolymer concrete significantly reduces settlement compared to traditional Portland cement concrete by up to 30%, aligning with a predicted model accuracy within ±5% confidence intervals. Geotechnical engineering applications have successfully mitigated foundation instability issues in expansive soils, providing robust design solutions for future projects. Recommendations include the use of geopolymer concrete and further research into soil behaviour under different environmental conditions. The findings suggest that incorporating geopolymer concrete as a standard practice can prevent costly remediation costs and ensure long-term structural integrity. Future studies should explore the effects of climate change on expansive soils in Sudan. The maintenance outcome was modelled as Y₈ₓ=₀+₁X₈ₓ+uᵢ+₈ₓ, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.
Freeman et al. (Sat,) studied this question.