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March 5, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Horizon Thermodynamics and the Cosmological Constant: A Holographic Dark Energy Note on Why Now?

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YRYaroslav Ryabov

Key Points

  • The research aims to establish a link between the cosmological constant and the universe's event horizon through thermodynamics.
  • Utilized the Unruh effect and the holographic bound to relate thermal energy to dark energy density.
  • Analyzed de Sitter spacetime to derive a fixed-point condition for dark energy and holographic models.
  • Evaluated the generalized second law to assess implications for phantom crossing in dark energy models.
  • Predicted a parameter-free outcome for the holographic dark energy model with c = 1.
  • Presented an equation of state for present-day dark energy at w ~ -0.89, remaining above -1.
  • Supported the concept of evolving dark energy with a significance of 2.8-4.2 sigma, implying future tests will examine phantom crossing.

Abstract

We argue that the cosmological constant is the thermodynamic signature of the universe's cosmological event horizon. Starting from the Unruh effect and the holographic bound, we recover the observed dark energy density as thermal energy dissipated across the horizon. The fixed-point condition rhoₜhermal = rhoLambda holds exactly in de Sitter spacetime and uniquely for the maximum-entropy relation E = TS, yielding a parameter-free prediction c = 1 for the holographic dark energy model and a present-day equation of state w ~ -0. 89 with w >= -1 at all times. The generalized second law reinforces this prohibition, suppressing phantom crossing by exp (-10¹22). DESI DR2 favors evolving dark energy at 2. 8-4. 2 sigma, consistent with this picture; whether phantom crossing is real will be tested by forthcoming data. The equilibration time to de Sitter, tₑq ~ 10¹0 years, is comparable to the present age of the universe, resolving the coincidence problem thermodynamically. If Lambda is determined by horizon thermodynamics rather than environmental selection, the anthropic principle becomes unnecessary.

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Cite This Study

Yaroslav Ryabov (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69a91e3ad6127c7a504c201chttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18843292
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