The detection of Hardware Trojans (HTs) in electronic components is critical to ensuring the security and integrity of electronic systems, as these malicious modifications can leak sensitive information, alter device functionality, or completely disable the device. This study introduces a novel detection method combining deep learning techniques with dual-channel image transformations to identify HTs via Side-Channel Analysis (SCA). Specifically, our approach converts side-channel time series signals, such as power consumption, electromagnetic emissions, and timing data, into dual-channel, image-like representations using Gramian Angular Field (GAF) and reshaping techniques. These transformations allow convolutional neural networks (CNNs), known for their effectiveness in image analysis, to capture subtle and complex anomalous patterns indicative of HTs. We rigorously evaluated our dual-channel methodology using publicly available Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) datasets for HTs provided by TrustHub and IEEE Dataport. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves superior accuracy compared to existing methods, particularly in challenging datasets. Additionally, we assessed the robustness of our model by introducing varying noise levels to simulate real-world operational perturbations such as process variations, aging, and voltage fluctuations. The proposed method maintains high detection accuracy and demonstrates enhanced resilience under noisy conditions, underscoring its practical applicability and effectiveness in detecting sophisticated HT threats.
Golabi et al. (Sun,) studied this question.