"background": "The adoption of advanced process-control systems (PCS) in structural engineering is critical for enhancing safety, efficiency, and quality. In many developing economies, however, the rate and drivers of this technological transition are poorly quantified, hindering effective policy and industry strategy. ", "purpose and objectives": "This case study develops and applies a novel Bayesian hierarchical model to evaluate the adoption rates and key determinants of PCS within the structural engineering sector. It aims to provide a robust, probabilistic assessment of the current adoption landscape and its evolution. ", "methodology": "A longitudinal dataset was constructed from industry surveys, firm registries, and project documentation. The core statistical model is a Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression: (p{ij) = \ + \ Xij, where pij is the probability of PCS adoption for firm i in region j, \ \ (\\, \\) are region-specific intercepts, and \ represents coefficients for firm-level covariates. Posterior distributions were estimated using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. ", "findings": "The model indicates a strong positive association between firm size and PCS adoption, with a posterior probability of 0. 97 that the coefficient is greater than zero. The estimated national adoption rate has a posterior median of 0. 34 with a 90% credible interval of 0. 28, 0. 41, revealing significant regional heterogeneity. ", "conclusion": "Adoption of process-control systems remains moderate and uneven, driven predominantly by firm capacity rather than project-specific factors. The Bayesian hierarchical framework successfully captured underlying geographical and organisational variances. ", "recommendations": "Industry bodies should develop targeted support programmes for small and medium-sized enterprises. Policymakers are advised to incentivise adoption in lagging regions and consider capacity-building initiatives that address the identified firm-level constraints. ", "key words": "Bayesian inference, hierarchical model, technology
Asante et al. (Sun,) studied this question.