What does this research mean for the field?

Intradermal vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease provides effective early protection within 7–14 days post-vaccination without adverse effects. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.NOVEL_FINDING. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to assess the early immune response of an intradermal vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease and compare its effectiveness to a traditional intramuscular vaccine.

March 15, 2026Open Access

Evaluation of an Effective Intradermal Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine for Early Protection

Key Result

Intradermal vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease provided effective early protection within 7–14 days without causing adverse effects in swine.

Key Points

This research aims to assess the early immune response of an intradermal vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease and compare its effectiveness to a traditional intramuscular vaccine.
Conducted viral challenge experiments at 7 and 14 days post-vaccination.
Compared two adjuvants, ISA 207 and EMULSIGEN-D, with the intradermal vaccine.
Measured virus neutralization titers and structural protein levels to evaluate efficacy.
Swine displayed no clinical symptoms at 14 days post-vaccination, indicating effective early protection.
No injection site side effects were observed with intradermal vaccination.
Intradermal vaccination demonstrated comparable immunogenicity to intramuscular vaccination.

Structured PICO

Does intradermal FMD vaccination provide effective early protection against FMDV serotype O in swine compared to intramuscular vaccination?

Population

Swine

Intervention

Intradermal (ID) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine using two adjuvants, ISA 207 (50%) and EMULSIGEN-D (15%)

Comparator

Commercial intramuscular (IM) FMD vaccine recently used in South Korea

Outcome

Early protective efficacy against FMDV serotype O (O/AS/SKR/2019) following viral challenge at 7 and 14 days post-vaccinationsurrogate

Intradermal FMD vaccination provides effective early protection within 7-14 days post-vaccination in swine without the adverse injection site reactions associated with intramuscular vaccination.

Main Result

Absolute Event Rate: 0% vs 0%

Abstract

Background: In South Korea, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral infection that affects cloven-hoofed animals, has led to the implementation of a bivalent FMD vaccination program. The current FMD vaccination strategy involves intramuscular (IM) administration to the shoulder region of the swine. However, this method is associated with adverse reactions at injection sites. Our previous studies have demonstrated that intradermal (ID) vaccination eliminates these side effects while maintaining immunogenicity comparable to that of IM vaccination. This study aimed to assess the early immune response induced by ID vaccination and compare its protective ability against FMDV serotype O with that of a commercial IM vaccine recently used in South Korea. Methods: An ID FMD vaccine was evaluated using two adjuvants, ISA 207 (50%) and EMULSIGEN-D (15%). Virus neutralization (VN) titers and structural protein levels were measured to compare efficacy across groups. To assess the early protective efficacy of ID vaccination, viral challenge experiments were conducted at 7 and 14 days post-vaccination (dpv). Results: Swine vaccinated via the ID route exhibited no clinical symptoms at 14 dpv, indicating effective early protection against FMD (O/AS/SKR/2019). In addition, no side effects of FMD ID vaccination were observed. Conclusions: These results suggest that ID vaccination could serve as a viable alternative to conventional IM vaccination, which is frequently associated with adverse effects. Importantly, this study demonstrates that ID vaccination can provide effective early protection within 7–14 days post-vaccination, highlighting its potential utility for emergency outbreak control.