The Effects of Geographic Region and Breed on the Prevalence of Foot Diseases in Dairy Cows in Türkiye: A Systematic Review andMeta-Analysis

Foot diseases in dairy cows substantially affect animal welfare and farm profitability.This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the pooled prevalence of foot diseases in dairy cows in Trkiye and assessed the effects of region, breed, and sample size.A comprehensive literature search was conducted for studies published between January 1999 and September 2024 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.Eligible studies were analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis model.Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I statistic, and publication bias was evaluated through Egger's test and funnel plot analysis.Of 5,779 studies identified, 31 met the inclusion criteria.The overall pooled prevalence was 20.52% (95% CI: 16.23-25.19).By region, prevalence ranged from 6.76% to 51.59%, with Holsteins showing the highest prevalence among breeds (13.22%).A comparison of study periods revealed that the prevalence significantly increased from 16.93% (95% CI: 12.01-22.50)in 1999-2014 to 24.81% (95% CI: 17.46-32.98)in 2015-2024.These findings highlight regional and breed-related differences in the prevalence of foot diseases in dairy cows in Trkiye.