The efficiency of sprinkler irrigation directly depends on the technical equipment of wide-coverage irrigation machines, the key components of which are the terminal water distributors — sprinkler nozzles. In the context of implementing state programs for import substitution and the development of the melioration complex of the Russian Federation, the issue of reducing dependence on imported components and creating domestically produced competitive products is acute. This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the design differences, hydraulic characteristics, and operational features of sprinkler nozzles from leading global manufacturers — Nelson, Senninger, and Komet. The operating principles of Rotator, Wobbler, and Twin technologies, and their impact on irrigation uniformity, energy efficiency, and soil structure preservation, are examined. The research is based on the analysis of technical documentation, patent information, and the results of field tests published in open scientific sources. The analysis revealed that the design solutions of leading foreign manufacturers are based on different approaches to droplet formation. It was established that, despite the technological sophistication of individual components and mechanisms, all studied models possess operational limitations that are critically significant under the conditions of the Russian agro-industrial complex. These drawbacks include the high cost of products, logistical risks in supply chains, and, for certain models, increased sensitivity to irrigation water quality and insufficient wind resistance. A critical factor is the complete dependence of domestic agricultural producers on imported sprinkler nozzles. Based on the identified advantages and disadvantages of foreign models, technical requirements for the development of a domestically produced sprinkler nozzle tailored to the conditions of the Russian agro-industrial complex are formulated. The necessity of creating a hybrid working element, combining a low precipitation rate (similar to the Rotator type) with the reliability and ease of maintenance (similar to the Wobbler type), capable of operating across a wide range of pressures for compatibility with domestic wide-coverage irrigation machines, is substantiated. The development of such a product represents a pressing national objective, the solution of which will ensure the technological sovereignty and economic efficiency of sprinkler irrigation in Russia.
Mischenko et al. (Sun,) studied this question.