• Multi-Layer Optimization for Microgrid Control under Adaptive Droop for Frequency and Voltage Regulation • Multi-Layer Optimization for Microgrid Control under Adaptive Droop for Frequency and Voltage Regulation • Power Hardware-in-the-Loop experiments demonstrate frequency deviation reduction to within ±0.002 Hz under load disturbances. The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in modern power systems is risking reducing its inertia, leading to heightened sensitivity to load disturbances and frequency deviations. These challenges are further amplified in grid-connected microgrids with high distributed generation, where maintaining both stability and economic efficiency becomes increasingly complex. In this context, this paper presents a significant contribution with a fully integrated and experimentally validated multi-layer control architecture for grid-connected microgrids. Th proposed framework combines Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with frequency watt and Volt-Var droop control at the base layer, a Linear Regression load forecasting, a MILP economic dispatch, and a rule-based supervisory controller for real-time coordination. The validation of the framework uses a PHIL methodology where the PSO-FW controller significantly improves frequency regulation, reducing deviations from values exceeding acceptable limits to within ±0.002 Hz under continuous load disturbances. The forecasting module achieves high accuracy with an R² of 0.96. The MILP dispatch maintains BESS state within safe limits of 10%-90% with proper power distribution among the microgrid. The supervisory controller at the top layer ensures reliable and flexible load scheduling and continuous supply for critical loads, with all control actions executed in real-time within deterministic PLC cycle times.
Laamim et al. (Sun,) studied this question.