Cybersecurity challenges and defense strategies for next-generation power systems

As modern power systems become increasingly interconnected and digitized, they face growing exposure to sophisticated cyber threats. Attacks such as phishing, malware infiltration, and denial-of-service (DoS) incidents pose significant risks to grid stability, security, and reliability. This paper provides a critical assessment of emerging cyber threats targeting power infrastructure, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive and proactive cybersecurity strategies. In particular, it explores advanced defense-in-depth architectures, intrusion detection systems, and evolving cybersecurity policies aimed at mitigating the impact of these attacks. By reviewing recent advances and identifying key vulnerabilities, this paper highlights actionable pathways for grid operators and cybersecurity professionals to enhance protection mechanisms. Through the implementation of state-of-the-art research and adaptive defense solutions, the critical energy infrastructure can be better secured against the evolving landscape of cyber threats.