White eye-rings coevolved with diurnal behaviors as a trait enhancing visual appeal in rodents

Conspicuous colorations are widespread in animals, yet their adaptive functions remain unclear, particularly in mammals. White eye-rings (WER), the bright-colored pelage encircling eyes, are prevalent in rodents (Mammalia: Rodentia). Here we show that WER has repeatedly emerged with transitions to diurnalism and disappeared with reversions to nocturnalism during rodent evolution. In addition, our behavioral tests on the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus, diurnal with WER) and the house mouse (Mus musculus, nocturnal without WER) discover that WER enhances visual appeal (the ability to attract attention or preference) possibly by accentuating facial bilateral symmetry. This effect is neither associated with sexual selection nor species recognition and was absent in house mice. Thus, WER appears to function through sensory exploitation and selectively favored in diurnal rodents capable of perceiving and responding to it, but is constrained in nocturnal species. These findings illustrate how ecological factors and shared sensory preferences shape conspicuous color patterns. Phylogenetic comparative analysis and behavioral assays suggest white eye-rings coevolved with diurnalism in rodents and enhance visual appeal likely by accentuating facial bilateral symmetry specifically in diurnal but not nocturnal model species.