Climate change, the depletion of fossil fuel resources, and the ongoing increase in global energy demand have accelerated the urgent search for sustainable and renewable energy alternatives. Multi-layer solar cells are an emerging technology with strong potential to meet rising energy demands by enhancing light absorption and improving charge-carrier collection. COMSOL Multiphysics is used in this study to numerically optimize a unique SnO 2 /CsSnI 3 /BiFeO 3 /Spiro-OMeTAD solar cell structure. Detailed calculations show that the device functions remarkably well, with a maximum short-circuit current density of 34.73 mA/cm 2 at 400 nm BiFeO 3 thickness. The maximum open-circuit voltage of 1.10 V and peak efficiency of 29.00% are reached at 1000 ns electron-hole lifetime in CsSnI 3 , while the fill factor reaches 84.76% at 50 nm CsSnI 3 thickness. These results underscore the critical importance of precise layer engineering for maximizing device efficiency. Further experimental studies are recommended to validate the simulations and to assess long-term operational stability under practical conditions. • High-performance CsSnI 3 /BiFeO 3 /SnO 2 /Spiro-OMeTAD solar cell designed. • J sc enhanced to 34.73 mA/cm 2 at 400 nm BiFeO 3 thickness. • V oc maximized to 1.10 V at 1000 ns carrier lifetime in CsSnI 3 . • Peak efficiency of 29.00% achieved at optimized lifetime. • Fill factor improves to 84.76% at 50 nm CsSnI 3 thickness.
Amin et al. (Tue,) studied this question.