Biological Markers of Acute Exposure During a Radiation Emergency and a Radiation Accident

Effective medical care during a radiation emergency and a radiation accident (CRS and RA) requires rapid and effective primary triage of victims so that appropriate care can be provided to people at significant risk of severe acute radiation injury. Biomarkers can be effectively used at a later date after a radiation accident for retrospective dosimetry, clarifying the prognosis, treatment recommendations, and monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. Currently, there is a wide range of markers potentially suitable for bioindication and biodosimetry in conditions of CRS and RA, which indicate the presence of damage caused by ionizing radiation, for example, shifts in peripheral blood, chromosomal aberrations, increased or decreased expression of genes, proteins, metabolites, microRNAs, and are well detectable in the widest possible range of doses. An analysis of the literature data indicates that there is no universal biomarker for various radiation exposure scenarios. The use of complex biodosimetric systems based on various biological markers that complement each other makes it possible not only to more accurately determine the radiation dose, but also to assess the risks of developing early and long-term effects of acute exposure in participants in emergency and radiation emergencies