An Innovative Naproxen Nanosuspension Strategy for Targeted DrugDelivery in Glomerulonephritis

Abstract: Glomerulonephritis is a collective term that encompasses several kidney diseases characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, damage to these structures, and consequent proteinuria, hematuria, and renal failure. It is the nature of this inflammatory process to play a direct role in the further development of disease, defining the therapeutic value of anti-inflammatory agents. One of the most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Naproxen, has achieved success in fighting renal inflammation but, given its low aqueous solubility and systemic toxicity, remains less applicable in clinical practice, particularly in patients with impaired renal function. New nanotechnology is a formulation of Nanosuspension as a conceivable means to verify the therapeutic profile of Naproxen. Nanosuspension, by decreasing the particle size of drugs to the level of nanometres and with the introduction of stabilizers, enhances solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. The high-pressure homogenization, Antisolvent precipitation, and Sonoprecipitation techniques have shown positive results in the formulation of Naproxen Nanosuspension, extended renal targeting parabioses, and retention in animal models. Moreover, a combination of targeting ligands, e.g., antibodies and peptides, and biocompatible polymers enables sitespecific delivery to inflamed glomeruli, which reduces systemic side effects. New approaches are also looking into the co-delivery systems and hybrid nano-carriers where the source of antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory agents is combined to produce a synergistic treatment outcome. Diagnostic imaging agent incorporation in these delivery systems further presents opportunities for real-time monitoring of diseases and personalized therapy. Although options remain in terms of scale of manufacture, long-term safety, and regulatory acceptance, Naproxen Nanosuspension, however, is a viable innovative solution to safer and higher-focused treatment of glomerulonephritis.