What question did this study set out to answer?

To design a moderately concentrated electrolyte that improves the performance of aqueous tin metal batteries by addressing hydrolysis and stability issues.

April 1, 2026

Rational Design of Moderately Concentrated Electrolytes to Consolidate the Electrode‐Electrolyte Compatibility for Ultrahigh‐Efficiency and Harsh‐Condition‐Tolerant Aqueous Tin Metal Batteries

Key Points

To design a moderately concentrated electrolyte that improves the performance of aqueous tin metal batteries by addressing hydrolysis and stability issues.
Developed a 0.2 m SnSO4 + 5 m (NH4)2SO4 electrolyte with controlled pH.
Assessed the electrolyte's ability to stabilize Sn2+ in water and enhance Sn plating behavior.
Evaluated performance under harsh conditions including low currents and extreme temperatures.
Achieved 99.95% efficiency in Sn plating at 1 mA cm−2 and high retention at low currents (99.8% at 0.1 mA cm−2).
Maintained 93.8% capacity after one month of storage.
Demonstrated exceptional cycling stability with 7,500 cycles in Sn‖KNiFe(CN)6 batteries.

Abstract

ABSTRACT Aqueous tin (Sn) metal batteries have attracted growing attention for energy storage; however, the drastic Sn 2+ hydrolysis reaction has significantly hindered their development. Currently, strong alkaline and acidic solutions prevail as the leading method to suppress hydrolysis and stabilize Sn 2+ electrolytes. Nevertheless, this approach incurs critical issues, including the self‐corrosion of Sn metal, parasitic hydrogen evolution, and inferior efficiency under harsh conditions. Herein, we rationally designed an inexpensive and moderately concentrated electrolyte of 0.2 m SnSO 4 + 5 m (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , which overcomes the hydrolysis challenge by strengthening H 2 O molecules and regulating Sn 2+ /H 2 O interactions. Importantly, our electrolyte features a mild pH environment (pH = 3.2) and outperforms the aggressive alkaline (pH > 14) and acidic (pH98.7%). We also demonstrated high‐capacity Sn‖S batteries (≈2300 mAh g −1 , sulfur‐based) and long‐cycling Sn‖KNiFe(CN) 6 batteries (7,500 cycles). This work offers new insights into advanced Sn 2+ electrolytes and Sn plating chemistry for energy storage.

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Cite This Study

Du et al. (Mon,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69ccb66716edfba7beb880da https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75197

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