Temporal Graph Neural Networks for Modeling Student Knowledge Evolution and Predicting Learning Trajectories

Accurately modeling student knowledge evolution is a central challenge in personalized learning and adaptive educational systems. Traditional sequential or static approaches often fail to capture both the temporal dynamics of learning and the relational structure between students and concepts. This study introduces a Temporal Graph Neural Network (TGNN) framework for modeling student knowledge acquisition and predicting learning trajectories using fine-grained interaction data from the ASSISTmentsₛkill dataset. The TGNN represents students and skills as nodes in a dynamic bipartite graph, with temporal edges encoding correctness, attempts, hints, and interaction timestamps. Experiments demonstrate that TGNN significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, including Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), Self-Attentive Knowledge Tracing (SAKT), and static graph convolutional networks, achieving an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0. 892, Accuracy of 0. 846, F1 score of 0. 842, and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0. 078 for trajectory prediction. Ablation studies reveal the critical role of temporal encoding, edge features, and graph connectivity in accurately modeling learning dynamics. Concept-level analysis indicates high prediction accuracy across both high-frequency and low-frequency skills, while temporal attention mechanisms enable interpretable insights into the influence of prior interactions on future performance. These results highlight the effectiveness of integrating temporal dynamics, graph-based relational modeling, and pedagogically meaningful features in predicting student learning outcomes. These results demonstrate the potential of temporal graph-based modeling for capturing student–skill relationships and learning dynamics in educational interaction data. Rather than introducing a fundamentally new graph architecture, this study systematically adapts the Temporal Graph Network (TGN) framework to educational data and evaluates its effectiveness for modeling knowledge evolution and forecasting student learning trajectories. The findings provide practical insights for applying temporal graph learning methods to personalized learning, adaptive intervention design, and real-time performance forecasting.