Traditional sciences represent the holistic systems of knowledge developed over millennia based on empirical experience, spiritual insight, and ecosystem-specific health practices. These systems address not only physical illnesses but also emotional, spiritual, and social well-being, emphasizing preventive care and the body’s inherent healing capacity. Ayurveda, for example, considers health a state of balance among the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), Dhatus (tissues), and Agni (digestive fire), guided by the principle of Swasthasya swasthya rakshanam, Aturasya vikara prashamanam.1 In recent decades, the burden of noncommunicable diseases, mental health disorders, lifestyle-related illnesses, and antimicrobial resistance has exposed the limitations of reductionist biomedical models as a result of inclusion of artificial intelligence and other techniques for the smart functioning and execution of medical science. Simultaneously, there is growing public demand for natural, integrative, and personalized healing options. Consequently, governments, academia, and research institutions are increasingly exploring how traditional and modern systems can complement each other for better health outcomes.2,3 CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF TRADITIONAL SCIENCES The role of traditional medicine has gained new significance in global healthcare discourse, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic. Many communities turned to traditional herbal remedies, immunity-boosting formulations, and lifestyle practices such as Yoga, Pranayama, and dietary regulation to enhance resilience and manage mild symptoms.4 According to the WHO, around 88% of member states use traditional medicine in some form, and over 100 countries have established regulatory frameworks for traditional medical systems.5 Institutions like the WHO global centre for traditional medicine in Jamnagar, India, and India’s Ministry of AYUSH have positioned themselves as global leaders in promoting integrative research, education, and policy development.6 Clinical studies have shown that Ayurvedic interventions such as diet and modifications in lifestyle along with Rasayana (rejuvenation therapies) improve immune modulation, while Yoga and meditation significantly reduce stress, hypertension, and metabolic syndromes.7,8 Integrative approaches are also being adopted in chronic pain management, oncology, mental health, and geriatric care with encouraging results.9 INTEGRATION MODELS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES The integration of traditional and modern systems is being implemented through various models across countries: Co-location model Traditional and modern practitioners are placed within the same facility, enabling cross-disciplinary interactions. The examples include India’s Central Government Health Scheme wellness centers and Chinese integrative hospitals where Traditional Chinese Medicine and allopathic doctors co-manage patient care.10 Cross-referral model In this model, patients are referred between traditional and allopathic practitioners based on the nature and stage of the disease. This system is often informal but gaining formal structure in countries such as Germany and South Korea, where acupuncture and herbal treatments are the part of mainstream insurance.11 Collaborative practice model A more advanced model involving interdisciplinary teams developing joint treatment protocols, often under the framework of integrative medicine departments within universities or specialty clinics. AIIMS Delhi and Banaras Hindu University have launched integrative research units in oncology, palliative care, and metabolic disorders.12 Educational and research integration Dual-degree programs, interdisciplinary research funding, and collaborative trials are emerging trends. For example, the Ministry of AYUSH has partnered with CSIR and ICMR for clinical validation of classical formulations using modern pharmacological tools.13 CHALLENGES IN THE INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL SCIENCE While the intent to integrate traditional knowledge into modern health systems is promising, several roadblocks remain: Standardization and quality control Many traditional remedies vary in preparation, dosage, and raw material sourcing. Establishing pharmacopeial standards and good manufacturing practices is vital for safety and reproducibility.14 Scientific evidence and methodology Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the gold standard of biomedical research, may not fully capture the multifactorial and individualized nature of traditional therapies. Developing hybrid research methodologies that combine RCTs with real-world evidence and patient-reported outcomes is essential.15 Policy and regulatory gaps Globally, traditional systems lack uniform licensing, curriculum, and practice rights. There is also a scarcity of qualified integrative medicine experts trained in both systems.16 Epistemological conflicts Modern science emphasizes molecular mechanisms, while traditional systems focus on qualitative parameters such as Prakriti (constitution), Agni (digestion), and dosha status. Bridging this philosophical divide requires dialog, mutual respect, and epistemological pluralism.17 The convergence of traditional wisdom with modern scientific inquiry has the potential to redefine healthcare in the 21st century. An integrative approach offers a more person-centered, preventive, and sustainable paradigm. Future directions should emphasize: Strengthening interdisciplinary education and capacity building Promoting multicentric and integrative clinical trials Establishing regulatory harmonization across the systems Leveraging digital health and AI for personalized integrative care. By fostering respectful collaboration and evidence-based innovation, the integration of traditional sciences can play a transformative role in global health equity and sustainable wellness.
PK Prajapati (Wed,) studied this question.