Background: Railways worldwide are increasingly adopting digital technologies to improve operational performance and reliability. However, digital transformation in rail freight remains challenging, particularly in developing countries where organizational, technological, and institutional barriers persist. This study aims to identify key barriers to rail freight digital transformation and propose strategies to address these challenges in Thailand’s rail freight sector. Methods: An integrated analytical approach combining Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) was applied. DEMATEL was used to analyze causal relationships among seven factors influencing digital transformation barriers, while IPA evaluated their importance and performance based on a case study of the State Railway of Thailand. Results: The findings show that management has the highest causal prominence, while quality and efficiency emerge as the primary effect factor. IPA results indicate that people, collaboration, and infrastructure require priority improvement. Conclusions: The study proposes four strategic directions to support rail freight digital transformation and provides a structured framework for identifying and prioritizing digital transformation barriers in rail freight systems. The study contributes by providing a structured framework for identifying, prioritizing, and addressing digital transformation barriers in rail freight systems.
Sirisaranlak et al. (Thu,) studied this question.