Grid-forming (GFM) battery energy storage system (BESS) inverters are becoming a cornerstone of resilient microgrids, where severe voltage sags and abrupt operating shifts can challenge both voltage regulation and controller stability. Finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) offers fast transient response and multi-objective coordination, yet conventional designs rely on static cost-function weights that are typically tuned offline and may become suboptimal under disturbance-driven regime changes. This paper proposes a forecast-guided KAN-adaptive FS-MPC framework that (i) formulates the inner-loop predictive control in the stationary αβ frame, thereby avoiding PLL dependency and mitigating loss-of-lock risk under extreme sags, and (ii) introduces an Operating Stress Index (OSI) that fuses load forecasts with reserve-margin or percent-operating-reserve signals to quantify grid vulnerability and trigger resilience-oriented control adaptation. A lightweight Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN), parameterized by learnable B-spline edge functions, is embedded as an online weight governor to update key FS-MPC weighting factors in real time, dynamically balancing voltage tracking and switching effort. Experimental validation under high-frequency microgrid scenarios shows that, under a 50% symmetrical voltage sag, the proposed controller reduces the worst-case voltage deviation from 0.45 p.u. to 0.16 p.u. (64.4%) and shortens the recovery time from 35 ms to 8 ms (77.1%) compared with static-weight FS-MPC. In the islanding-like transition case, the proposed method restores the PCC voltage within 18 ms, whereas the static baseline fails to recover within 100 ms. Moreover, the deployed KAN governor requires only 6.2 μs per inference on a 200 MHz DSP, supporting real-time embedded implementation. These results demonstrate that forecast-guided adaptive weighting improves transient resilience and power quality while maintaining DSP-feasible computational complexity.
Tsai et al. (Fri,) studied this question.