Plecstatin-1 induces an immunogenic cell death signature in colorectal tumour spheroids

Organometallic metal(arene) anticancer agents were believed to confer low selectivity for potential cellular targets. However, the ruthenium(arene) pyridinecarbothioamide (plecstatin-1) showed target selectivity for plectin, a scaffold protein and cytolinker. We employed a three-dimensional cancer spheroid model and showed that plecstatin-1 limited spheroid growth, induced changes in the morphology and in the architecture of tumour spheroids by disrupting the cytoskeletal organization. Additionally, we demonstrated that plecstatin-1 induced oxidative stress, followed by the induction of an immunogenic cell death signature through phosphorylation of eIF2α, exposure of calreticulin, HSP90 and HSP70 on the cell membrane and secretion of ATP followed by release of high mobility group box-1.