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Whether men and women are fundamentally different or similar has been debated for more than a century. This review summarizes major theories designed to explain gender differences: evolutionary theories, cognitive social learning theory, sociocultural theory, and expectancy-value theory. The gender similarities hypothesis raises the possibility of theorizing gender similarities. Statistical methods for the analysis of gender differences and similarities are reviewed, including effect sizes, meta-analysis, taxometric analysis, and equivalence testing. Then, relying mainly on evidence from meta-analyses, gender differences are reviewed in cognitive performance (e.g., math performance), personality and social behaviors (e.g., temperament, emotions, aggression, and leadership), and psychological well-being. The evidence on gender differences in variance is summarized. The final sections explore applications of intersectionality and directions for future research.
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Janet Shibley Hyde
Seattle Pacific University
Annual Review of Psychology
University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Janet Shibley Hyde (Fri,) studied this question.
synapsesocial.com/papers/69da88ff387cf70698686df3 — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057