Many significant and transmissible diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), COVID‐19, hepatitis, and influenza, are caused by viruses. The rapid replication ability of these viruses is the primary reason for their widespread transmission, resulting in consequences such as loss of life at both the individual and community levels. To prevent the spread of these diseases, reliable diagnostic tools and practical approaches are essential. HIV is an immune system‐attacking retrovirus that weakens the human body’s ability to resist infection and illness by destroying T cells. This review presents a comprehensive and integrated analysis of nanostructured electrochemical biosensors for rapid HIV detection, providing a detailed overview of development strategies that incorporate the application of nanomaterials and immobilization techniques, as well as the underlying sensing mechanism. It also provides details of possible available HIV biomarkers within the states of HIV infection cycles for electrochemical sensing, while comparing electrochemical methods with conventional methods such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme immunoassay test (EIA), and Western blot. This work adopts an interface and fabrication‐centric perspective to highlight the challenges, including reproducibility, selectivity, and scalability, associated with the development of electrochemical sensors for HIV detection. This work establishes the guiding framework and rationale for designing and transitioning principles to develop an electrochemical HIV biosensor.
Kumar et al. (Thu,) studied this question.