Therapeutic Potential of Peptides in Cancer Treatment: Focus on Peptide and Aptamer-Decorated Exosomes

Traditional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and antibody-based treatments often face significant barriers, including systemic toxicity, a lack of selectivity, and the emergence of drug resistance. These issues demand innovative and targeted solutions. Peptide-based therapeutics have gained prominence for their ability to disrupt cancer pathways and facilitate targeted drug delivery, offering structural flexibility, precise targeting, and low immunogenicity with minimal effects on healthy tissues. Concurrently, aptamers, which are structured nucleic acid molecules capable of high-affinity molecular recognition, are being developed as both direct therapeutic agents and as targeting ligands for the improved delivery of anticancer drugs. Combining peptide and aptamer technologies with engineered exosomes provides a modular drug delivery system that enhances targeting specificity, stability, and the ability to cross complex biological barriers such as the blood–brain barrier. The emergence of peptide-decorated, aptamer-decorated exosomes represents a new frontier in precision oncology, promising highly selective, biocompatible, and tunable cancer therapies. Further advances are required to overcome challenges in pharmacokinetics, scalable production, and regulatory compliance, but ongoing bioengineering and nanotechnology research continues to accelerate the translation of these innovative strategies toward improved cancer diagnostics and treatment outcomes. This review discusses the synergistic integration of peptides and aptamers with exosome-based delivery systems, highlighting their current applications and future possibilities.