Background The climate change, severe level of resource depletion, and widespread ecological pressures highlight the need to identify the factors that predetermine environmental sustainability in the developing economies. Recent studies in the BRICS+T framework have focused largely on digitalisation, green finance, and innovation in Laissez-Faire, one-dimensional analytic models and thereby not considering the multi, asymmetric, and dynamic relations, which are the foundations of sustainable development. Method This study is based on formulating a question concerning the effect of digitalisation, green finance, green innovation, human capital, and institutional quality on environmental sustainability based on annual time-series data of BRICS + T economies. Using highly developed econometric techniques such as Fourier ARDL, NARDL, QARDL, and Bootstrap ARDL. Findings Empirical results show that the two, digitalisation and green finance, have a positive impact as they lead to improved low-carbon performance in addition to limiting the emission of CO2 and ecological pressure in the long run. Strong adoption of green technology and high-quality institutional increases the effects of the environment, and human capital advances sustainability by enabling the uptake of technology and facilitating human behaviour transition. It is also revealed that the outcomes reveal strong non-linear country irregularities whereby desirable perturbations in digitalisation, green finance and innovation generate stronger and more sustainable environmental returns compared to those brought about by negative shocks. These results support the presence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve among the discussed economies. Contribution By providing a comprehensive analytical model that complements digital, financial, technological, and institutionally mediated forces of environmental sustainability in BRICS+T economies, the study develops the analytical literature outside of the linear paradigm. Further, it provides practical policy guidance that is based on digital investment, green financing, skills enhancement, and policy reform, and thus provides a robust low-carbon transition and supports sustainable development paths.
Qamruzzaman et al. (Fri,) studied this question.