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This research examines the relationship between hypoxia, angiogenesis, and macrophages in pulp and periapical lesions.

April 25, 2026Open Access

Interplay of hypoxia, angiogenesis, and macrophages in pulp and periapical lesions: an immunohistochemical cross-sectional study

Key Points

This research examines the relationship between hypoxia, angiogenesis, and macrophages in pulp and periapical lesions.
Immunohistochemical analysis of HIF-1α, VEGF, and CD68 expressions in periapical lesions.
Assessment of the inflammatory microenvironment in periapical granulomas (PGs) and radicular cysts (RCs).
HIF-1α, VEGF, and CD68 exhibited increased expression in PGs and RCs, indicating a significant interplay of these factors.
The findings suggest a potential link between hypoxia and enhanced angiogenic activity driven by macrophages in the periapical microenvironment.

Abstract

HIF-1α, VEGF, and CD68 showed increased expression in PGs and RCs, suggesting an association between hypoxic conditions, enhanced angiogenic activity, and macrophage presence within the periapical inflammatory microenvironment. Future studies exploring HIF-1α and VEGF inhibitors as potential treatment modalities for periapical lesions are warranted.

Interplay of hypoxia, angiogenesis, and macrophages in pulp and periapical lesions: an immunohistochemical cross-sectional study

Key Points

Abstract

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