Athletic competition in contemporary sports requires athletes to demonstrate physical fitness and their ability to think clearly while making choices and maintaining focus, and their mental abilities to work through weariness. Athletes use nootropic supplements, which include natural herbal compounds, synthetic racetams, cholinergic agents, adaptogens, and nutrient-based formulations, as they seek to improve their cognitive abilities and physical performance. The review examines the nootropic effects of substances used in sports through their impact on neurotransmission, neuroendocrine control, energy production, synaptic plasticity, and neurovascular connections. The four key neurotransmitters dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA function to control motivation, attention, fatigue perception, and psychomotor control, while the creatine-phosphate shuttle and mitochondrial AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathways serve to maintain ATP levels in both the brain and muscles. The research explains specific exercise mechanisms that help different types of athletes perform better. Endurance athletes achieve performance improvements through greater central drive and nitric oxide-mediated blood circulation. Strength athletes gain advantages through enhanced motor unit activation and energy storage capabilities. Team and combat athletes enhance their performance through better reaction times and increased capacity to handle pressure. Precision-based athletes improve their performance through cholinergic focus, GABA balance, and motor skill development. The review demonstrates that nootropic supplements can serve as a performance enhancement strategy to improve cognitive and physical abilities when athletes use them in a safe manner, which matches their personal requirements.
Zheng Yi (Thu,) studied this question.