Pharmaceutical disposal is an increasing concern among healthcare providers and consumers alike. Effective customer advising on the safe disposal of drugs plays a critical role in safeguarding human health and protecting the environment. Just as important as drug consump-tion is the awareness of how to properly dispose of unused or expired medications. The issue of waste management begins with the manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and continues through to the final disposal of pharmaceutical products. Pharmaceutical waste poses unique risks and cannot be managed in the same manner as regular waste. Its treatment pre-sents multiple challenges, including environmental contamination, public health risks, and regula-tory compliance. This paper explores the comprehensive study of pharmaceutical waste manage-ment, including the classification and disposal methods for different types of pharmaceutical waste. It also provides an overview of 20 pharmaceutical industries, highlighting their waste management practices, the challenges they face, and innovative solutions implemented to address these issues. Additionally, the paper examines possible sources of pharmaceutical waste contami-nation, such as production, distribution, and consumer misuse. A detailed literature review is conducted to analyze current challenges, innovative technologies, and strategies for raising awareness among stakeholders, aiming to build a sustainable and effective pharmaceutical waste management system.
Bisht et al. (Fri,) studied this question.