Model‐based reconstruction for cardiac cine MRI without ECG or breath holding

This paper describes an acquisition and reconstruction strategy for cardiac cine MRI that does not require the use of electrocardiogram or breath holding. The method has similarities with self-gated techniques as information about cardiac and respiratory motion is derived from the imaging sequence itself; here, by acquiring the center k-space line at the beginning of each segment of a balanced steady-state free precession sequence. However, the reconstruction step is fundamentally different: a generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems is used instead of conventional gating. By correcting for nonrigid cardiac and respiratory motion, generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems (GRICS) uses all acquired data, whereas gating rejects data acquired in certain motion states. The method relies on the processing and analysis of the k-space central line data: local information from a 32-channel cardiac coil is used in order to automatically extract eigenmodes of both cardiac and respiratory motion. In the GRICS framework, these eigenmodes are used as driving signals of a motion model. The motion model is defined piecewise, so that each cardiac phase is reconstructed independently. Results from six healthy volunteers, with various slice orientations, show improved image quality compared to combined respiratory and cardiac gating.