Using Clinical Notes and Natural Language Processing for Automated HIV Risk Assessment

OBJECTIVE: Universal HIV screening programs are costly, labor intensive, and often fail to identify high-risk individuals. Automated risk assessment methods that leverage longitudinal electronic health records (EHRs) could catalyze targeted screening programs. Although social and behavioral determinants of health are typically captured in narrative documentation, previous analyses have considered only structured EHR fields. We examined whether natural language processing (NLP) would improve predictive models of HIV diagnosis. METHODS: One hundred eighty-one HIV+ individuals received care at New York Presbyterian Hospital before a confirmatory HIV diagnosis and 543 HIV negative controls were selected using propensity score matching and included in the study cohort. EHR data including demographics, laboratory tests, diagnosis codes, and unstructured notes before HIV diagnosis were extracted for modeling. Three predictive algorithms were developed using machine-learning algorithms: (1) a baseline model with only structured EHR data, (2) baseline plus NLP topics, and (3) baseline plus NLP clinical keywords. RESULTS: Predictive models demonstrated a range of performance with F measures of 0.59 for the baseline model, 0.63 for the baseline + NLP topic model, and 0.74 for the baseline + NLP keyword model. The baseline + NLP keyword model yielded the highest precision by including keywords including "msm," "unprotected," "hiv," and "methamphetamine," and structured EHR data indicative of additional HIV risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: NLP improved the predictive performance of automated HIV risk assessment by extracting terms in clinical text indicative of high-risk behavior. Future studies should explore more advanced techniques for extracting social and behavioral determinants from clinical text.