Recurrent replenishment of Labrador Sea Water and associated decadal-scale variability

Winter convective overturning in the Labrador Sea reached an “aggregate” maximum depth of 1700 m in 2015—the deepest since 1994—with the resulting Labrador Sea Water (LSW) “year class” being one of the deepest and thickest observed outside of the early 1990s. Argo float, annual survey, and moored measurements in recent decades provide an unprecedented view of important seasonal, interannual, and longer-term LSW variability in the Labrador Sea region. During the 2002–2015 “Argo” era, the average winter LSW pycnostad volume was about 70% larger in relatively strong convection years than in relatively weak ones. However, the winter-to-fall LSW disappearance volume was 180% larger, pointing to a factor of 2.8 difference in the potential LSW export rates from the region between relatively strong and weak convection years. Intermittently recurrent deep convection is contributing to predominant decadal-scale variations in intermediate-depth temperature, salinity, and density in the LS, with implications for decadal-scale variability across the subpolar North Atlantic and potentially in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Comparison of the LS ocean heat content changes and cumulative surface heat losses during the fall-winter cooling seasons indicates that anomalously strong winter atmospheric cooling, associated at least in part with the North Atlantic Oscillation, is continuing to be a major forcing of the recurrent convection.