Combustion of fossil fuels harms the environment due to the release of nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants that cause global warming. To address these issues, hydrogen is a clean and sustainable energy source alternative to fossil fuels. Hydrogen has been produced in different ways, but the biologically produced hydrogen is eco-friendly and cost-effective. Biohydrogen was classified into dark fermentation and light fermentation. Most hydrogen generation processes employ bacteria, which can significantly increase hydrogen production. This review critically examines recent advances in bacterial biohydrogen production, focusing on metabolic pathways and fermentation processes. It shows different microbes and genetically modified strains to improve hydrogen yield, as well as the combination of processes and artificial intelligence to optimize the processes. It also covers the potential of commercialization, the level of technology readiness (TRL), and future prospects for viable and sustainable hydrogen production.
Yazhini et al. (Fri,) studied this question.