Abstract Background Current urinary and drainage catheter systems collect fluids for visual inspection or manual sampling, offering limited diagnostic value while being labor-intensive and prone to error. Machine learning (ML) has the potential to automate the analysis of these fluids. However, existing methods rely on complex preprocessing steps, which hinder real-time analysis. Objective We aim to develop and evaluate a fully automated, real-time diagnostic approach for smart urinary and drainage catheter systems by leveraging spectral data and ML to differentiate pathological from healthy excreted fluids without the need for manual preprocessing. Methods This study proposes a novel, fully automated approach for smart urinary and drainage catheter systems that uses spectra and ML to extract features from excreted fluids, enabling real-time analysis directly. A total of 454 surgical drainage fluid samples (from 181 patients) and 401 urine catheter samples (from 168 patients) were analyzed using smart catheters and drains equipped with compact mini-spectrometer sensors. The collected spectral data were fed into 3 different ML models: a random forest, a partial least squares discriminant analysis regression, and a convolutional neural network (CNN). Each model aimed to extract features and differentiate between pathological and healthy urine and drainage samples based on the various biomarkers available from previously conducted laboratory analyses. Results All 3 approaches (random forest, partial least squares discriminant analysis regression, and CNN) achieved promising results, demonstrating the potential of the overall approach. In particular, the CNN models trained on the drainage biomarkers hemoglobin and bilirubin achieved the best results. Matthews correlation coefficient scores of 0.83 and 0.81 were obtained for hemoglobin and bilirubin, respectively, when differentiating between pathological and healthy samples using the extracted spectral features. Conclusions This work demonstrates the potential of spectral-driven ML for smart urinary and drainage catheter systems. This approach offers a real-time, noninvasive method for analyzing excreted fluids, paving the way for improved diagnostics and personalized patient care. Further research will explore the optimal ML model for this application.
Poggi et al. (Thu,) studied this question.