BACKGROUND: Muscle hernias are uncommon conditions characterized by the protrusion of muscle tissue through a defect in the muscle fascia. The most common site is the anterior compartment of the leg, involving the tibialis anterior muscle, especially in young and athletic individuals. Despite their low incidence, muscle herniae can cause pain, functional deficits, and impair quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To analyze current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for muscle herniae, with particular focus on emerging surgical approaches, such as minimally invasive fasciotomy. METHODS: Narrative literature review integrating epidemiological, diagnostic, and post-treatment outcome data. RESULTS: Dynamic ultrasound is the first-line diagnostic tool. Conservative treatment is indicated in mild cases, but shows low success rates in symptomatic individuals. The most effective surgical techniques include fasciotomy, mesh repair, direct suture, and autologous fascial grafting. Minimally invasive fasciotomy stands out for excellent clinical and cosmetic results with a low complication profile. CONCLUSIONS: A personalized therapeutic approach based on site, severity, and patient expectations is essential. Minimally invasive fasciotomy represents a promising surgical option. Prospective studies are needed to standardize therapeutic indications.
Antonetti et al. (Thu,) studied this question.