Stable coronary artery disease

: A physiologically lower heart rate, such as that seen in athletes, has been associated with better survival in epidemiological studies. In patients with coronary artery disease, heart rate is considered an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes. Higher heart rate increases cardiac work load and oxygen demand and reduces coronary perfusion by decreasing the amount of time spent in diastole, which in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease can trigger angina and myocardial infarction. Whether pharmacological reduction in heart rate by using a beta-blocker or ivabradine improves prognosis has been debated. In this review, we explore the effect of pharmacological heart rate lowering with a beta-blocker or ivabradine on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease and address the question as to whether pharmacological heart rate reduction is ready for prime time in the management of patients with coronary artery disease. Although physiologically lower heart rates are associated with improved survival, the effect of pharmacological heart rate reduction with beta-blockers (in patients without heart failure or postmyocardial infarction) or ivabradine on improvement in survival is weak at best.