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Conseil constitutionnel and Conseil d'Etat now both hold that Article 88-1 of the French Constitution contains the duty to implement Community law – The Conseil constitutionnel tests whether acts of parliament manifestly contravene unconditional and precisely phrased provisions of Community law – Duty to implement Community law limited by France's constitutional identity for the Conseil constitutionnel , by the absence of equivalent protection on the Community level for the Conseil d'Etat – Supremacy of the Constitution not affected
Chloé Charpy (Mon,) studied this question.