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The Legacy of Greece, Alexandria, and the OrientI.The Near Eastern Scene in the Seventh CenturyII.The Translations of Philosophical TextsIII.Pre-Socratics, Peripatetics, and StoicsIV.Neo-Platonic Elements: The Apocryphal Theologia Aristotelis and the Liber de CausisV.Persian and Indian InfluencesEarly Political and Religious TensionsI.The Religio-Political FactionsII.The Rise of Islamic Scholasticism (Kal?m)Beginnings of Systematic Philosophical Writing in the Ninth CenturyI.The First Systematic Philosophical Writer in Islam: Al-Kind?II.The Rise of Naturalism and the Challenge to Islamic Dogma: Ibn Al-R?z?III.The Progress of Free Thought and Religious HeterodoxyThe Further Development of Islamic Neo-PlatonismI.Al-F?r?b?II.Ibn S?n?Neo-Pythagoreanism and the Popularization of the Philosophical SciencesI.Philosophy, the Handmaid of PoliticsII.The Mathematico-Philosophical Presuppositions of the BrethrenIII.The Cosmology and Metaphysics of the BrethrenIV.The Psychology and the Epistemology of the BrethrenV.ConclusionThe Diffusion of Philosophical Culture in the Tenth CenturyI.Ab? Hayy?n Al-Tauh?d?II.MiskawayhIII.Yahia b. 'Ad?The Interaction of Philosophy and DogmaI.The Eclipse of Theological RationalismII.The Ash'arite School and the Formulation of the Occasionalist Metaphysics of Atoms and AccidentsIII.The Systematic Refutation of Neo-Platonism: Al-Ghaz?l?The Rise and Development of Islamic Mysticism (S?fism)I.Ascetic OriginsII.Pantheistic Tendencies: Al-Bast?m? (or Al-Bist?m?)III.Synthesis and Systematization -Al-Ghaz?l? and Ibn 'Arab?IV.R?m?, Supreme Mystical PoetV.S?fi Orders: S?sim TodayThe Arab-Spanish Interlude and the Revival of PeripateticismI.Beginnings of Philosophical Speculation in Muslim Spain: Ibn Masarrah Al-Majr?t?, and Ibn B?jjahII.Ibn Tufayl and the Natural Progression of the Mind Toward TruthIII.Ibn Rushd and the Defense of AristotelianismPost-Avicennian Developments: Illumination and the Reaction against PeripateticisimI.Al-Suhraward?II.The Subsequent Development of Illuminationism: Sadr Al-D?n Al Sh?r?z? (Mulla Sadr?) and His SuccessorsIII.The Continuity of the Ishr?q? Tradition in PersiaTheological Reaction and ReconstructionI.Literalism and Neo-Hanbalism: Ibn Hazm, Ibn Taymiyah, and Muhammad B. 'Abdul-Wahh?bII.Moderation and Decline: F. D. Al-R?z?, N. D. Al-Nsaf?,Al- ?j?, Al-Jurj?n?, and Al-B?jur?III.Reaction and Reconstruction: Ibn Khald?nModernist TrendsI.The Emergence of the Modernist Spirit: J. D. Al-Afgh?n? and Muhammad 'AbduII.Islamic Philosophy in India and Southeast AsiaIII.Modernism in India: Sayyid Ahmad Kh?n, Ameer Ali, and Muhammad Iqb?lContemporary TrendsI.Liberalism, Secularism, and FundamentalismII.Existentialism, Positivism, and MarxismIII.Postmodernism and Hermeneutics
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