Big Windows and Little Windows: Implementation in the ‘Congested State’

This paper argues for the need to re‐assess models of policy implementation in the ‘congested state’. This re‐appraisal focuses on two main directions. The first involves locating implementation in the context of wider models of the policy process. We fuse three models, those of Kingdon, Wolman, and Challis et al ., to form a new ‘policy streams’ approach. The second examines implementation in multi‐level governance. In the UK and elsewhere, much of the focus of traditional implementation studies has been on the link between one central government department and a local agency. However, this vertical (central‐local) dimension fails to give sufficient stress to the other horizontal dimensions of ‘central‐central’ and ‘local‐local’. Paraphrasing Kingdon's terms, implementation models also need to incorporate the ‘little windows’ at local level as well as the ‘big’ windows at national level. Using evidence relating to the implementation of UK policy towards health inequalities, this paper argues successful implementation is more likely when the three policy streams are linked across the three dimensions. The model is thought to be applicable to other areas of the public sectors and complex issues facing all governments.