BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) are active galactic nuclei notable for beamed emission generated in the relativistic jets, forming a small angle with respect to our line-of-sight. The broadband spectra of BL Lacs show a two-component spectral energy distribution (SED). The group of high-energy-peaked BL Lacs (HBLs) exhibit their lower-energy SED peak at the UV to X-ray frequencies. Consequently, these objects are generally bright in the 0.3–10 keV band (compared to other blazar subclasses) and allow us to carry out intense timing/spectral studies on the wide range of timescales (from years down to a few minutes). Although X-ray emission of HBLs is widely accepted to have a synchrotron origin (along with the occasional presence of the inverse-Compton component), many problems associated with the jet particle content, their acceleration up to ultra-relativistic energies and unstable mechanisms responsible for the extreme flux/spectral variability still remain to be solved. This review highlights the basic timing and polarimetric and spectral results obtained in the framework of the numerous studies of HBLs in the 0.3–10 keV band, which was covered by the X-ray instruments operating onboard the different space missions. Moreover, the plausible physical processes responsible for the observed HBL features (relativistic shocks, magnetic reconnection, turbulence etc.) are also addressed.
Bidzina Kapanadze (Mon,) studied this question.