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The Oakland, California, labor-market study reinforces the findings of other studies that social mobility largely goes on within manual and nonmanual occupations rather than between them. A majority of 935 respondents, however, have held occupations in both categories at some time in their careers, though most shifts were temporary. The study also indicates that mobility into the nonmanual group on the part of manual workers is largely movement into self-employment.
Lipset et al. (Sat,) studied this question.