Repulsive Interactions and Universal Properties of Charged Anti–de Sitter Black Hole Microstructures

The Ruppeiner geometry of thermodynamic fluctuations provides a powerful diagnostic of black hole microstructures. We investigate this for charged anti-de Sitter black holes and find that, while an attractive microstructure interaction dominates for most parameter ranges, a weak repulsive interaction dominates for small black holes of high temperature. This unique property distinguishes the black hole system from that of a van der Waals fluid, where only attractive microstructure interactions are found. We also find two other novel universal properties for charged black holes. One is that the repulsive interaction is independent of the black hole charge and temperature. The other is that the behavior of the Ruppeiner curvature scalar near criticality is characterized by a dimensionless constant that is identical to that for a van der Waals fluid, providing us with new insight into black hole microstructures.