What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to refine the parameters for 3D bioprinting applications in human heart design.

June 6, 2026Open Access

Koku Universe Applied to Human Heart Design: Fabrication Parameters for 3D Bioprinting (v2 — Unit-Corrected)

Key Points

This research aims to refine the parameters for 3D bioprinting applications in human heart design.
Redefined contractile pressure as 16,000 Pa and myocardial stiffness as 10,000 Pa.
Computed dimensionless values for cardiac output and inner resolution targets.
Established a 5-year technology roadmap with current best practices in fabrication parameters.
Dimensionless minimum cardiac output calculated as 0.80 based on revised parameters.
Inner resolution improvement targeted at 7 um, a more ambitious goal than the current 10 um stability.

Abstract

Revised version (v2. 0) of KHDS v1. 0 with corrected unit definition for Vₘin. N is redefined as contractile pressure Pa = 16, 000 Pa (systolic LV pressure = 120 mmHg). D is redefined as myocardial stiffness Pa = 10, 000 Pa (Nagueh et al. JACC 2009; Fung 1993). V = N/D is dimensionless Pa/Pa. Vₕealthy = 16, 000/10, 000 = 1. 6 dimensionless. Vₘin = 1. 6 x (2. 5/5. 0) = 0. 80 dimensionless, corresponding to minimum cardiac output 2. 5 L/min. Inner resolution deltaᵣ = 7 um reframed as 5-year technology roadmap target (current best: 10 um stable). All other parameters unchanged: deltaᵣₒuter = 1 mm, tau = 0. 857 s.

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