On the Fundamental Composition of Matter and the Photon Nature of Particle Spin

The modern theoretical system of particle physics has become increasingly complicated and introduced numerous hypothetical particles. Meanwhile, the spin of protons, neutrons and electrons is defined as an abstract intrinsic quantum property, without a reasonable interpretation of its physical mechanism. Based on the Unified Theory of Cosmic Great Cycle, this paper proposes that all tangible matter in the universe is composed of only three fundamental particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. The spin of these particles originates from the continuous rotational motion of high-energy gamma photons confined within their tiny internal spaces. When gamma photons are trapped, the overall structure exhibits macroscopic mass, while the photons themselves remain in the form of light and retain their inherent property of perpetual motion. Their range of movement is merely restricted inside the enclosed structure, and light can never be completely confined. Differences between various particles lie in the quantity and total energy of internal gamma photons. This study takes energy as the core evaluation criterion, and does not define the exact number of internal photons. Experimental measurements show that the mass of a proton is approximately 1836 times that of an electron, and the mass of a neutron is about 1839 times that of an electron, presenting distinct energy discrepancies among the three particles. These particles have minor energy fluctuations, whose amplitude is negligible for fundamental research. Once the confining structure of particles is destroyed, internal gamma photons break free and propagate outward, releasing enormous stored energy. Nuclear explosion is the most intuitive manifestation of this process. This paper systematically elaborates the internal mechanism of material essence and particle spin, and establishes a logically consistent model for microscopic physics.