Echocrdiographic Findings in Infants of Diabetic Mothers and Its Relation to Maternal Glycemic Control

Diabetes mellitus complicates 1–2% of all pregnancies, Maternal diabetes mellitus increases perinatal mortality and morbidity five-fold compared with normal pregnancies. Congenital malformations are seen in 5–8% of babies of diabetic mothers. Congenital heart diseases are the common anomalies associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the risk of fetal cardiac malformations in infant of diabetic mother (IDM) is significant. The most common anomalies are atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus, coarctation of aorta and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . Most of the cases are usually asymptomatic however some may present immediately following delivery with decreased cardiac output, respiratory distress and other symptoms of cardiac failure requiring aggressive medical therapy. The echocardiographic evidence of hypertrophy is noted by late second and early third trimester. A positive correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and septal thickness measurements is reported. Impaired maternal glucose tolerance has been associated with several morbidities, including maternal toxemia and fetal macrosomia, congenital heart disease, growth restriction, neonatal hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia and respiratory distress syndrome. Aim of the work This work aimed to evaluate the use of echocardiography in the assessment of hemodynamic stability in newborns. And todetermine the prevalence of congenital heart diseases or any cardiac abnormalities in IDM in relation to the glycemic control of their mother