This paper presents a tentative analysis of the fine-structure constant using three independent theoretical frameworks proposed by the author: the Triadic Theory of Spacetime, the Matter–Space Mutual Winding Theory, and the Time Effect Theory. The Triadic Theory of Spacetime employs the double-ring structure as an idealized mathematical model to represent the essential properties of spacetime, rather than as an assumed physical entity. The three theories, proceeding from entirely different ontological foundations, ultimately yield a core expression that is formally identical. Based on the Triadic Theory of Spacetime framework, using actual particle masses yields α ≈ 0.0375, deviating from the experimental value by a factor of approximately 5.1. Based on the Matter–Space Mutual Winding Theory, using the integer linking number ratio 8:9:12 yields α ≈ 0.0340, deviating from the experimental value by a factor of approximately 4.66. Based on the Time Effect Theory, using the linking number ratio yields α ≈ 0.0340, deviating from the experimental value by a factor of approximately 4.66. The three independent frameworks transform the fine-structure constant from a completely free fundamental parameter in the Standard Model into a quantity derived from the mass ratios of electroweak-scale particles or linking number ratios. This paper further discusses the linking number interpretation of the Weinberg angle and the possible influence of radiative corrections, and provides explicit experimental testing criteria and falsification conditions. The convergence of the three theoretical frameworks on the fine-structure constant—with the structural path, relational path, and effect path converging to the same expression—suggests that the correlation between the fine-structure constant and the mass ratios of electroweak-scale particles may reflect a genuine physical regularity. This paper emphasizes that the above analysis constitutes tentative exploration based on the theoretical frameworks, that the precise numerical value of the constant has not yet been fully derived from first principles, and that all calculated results are derived values within the theoretical frameworks, awaiting independent experimental verification. (Note on AI-Assisted Computation Certain mathematical derivations and physical calculations in this paper were performed by an AI tool (large language model) based on the theoretical framework and postulate system provided by the author. Specifically, the AI tool contributed to: formula derivation, equation solving, integral evaluation, series summation, and recalculation verification of established quantum mechanical results. All physical insights, core assumptions, logical premises, and the theoretical framework itself were independently developed by the author. The AI tool served solely as an auxiliary instrument for mathematical derivation and computational verification, comparable in role to symbolic computation software or numerical tools routinely employed by researchers. The author has reviewed every derived result for physical plausibility, consistency with known experimental data, and logical coherence, and assumes full responsibility for all conclusions. This statement is provided in the interest of academic transparency, while clearly distinguishing between the originality of ideas and the auxiliary role of computation.)
Yanlei Liu (Sun,) studied this question.