singularities and event horizons. This paper argues that no such objects exist. What are observed as black holes are vortical compression cores — organised, finite-density structures sustained by rotational dynamics within the Spaticle field substrate. Three formation pathways are identified: (1) large-scale rotational aggregation, which is inherently self-sustaining; (2) stellar collapse, which produces transient seed cores; and (3) explosive release events (supernovae, hypernovae, gamma-ray bursts), which similarly generate seed cores. These pathways are unified by the Rotational Sustenance Principle, introduced here: no vortical compression core can persist without continuous rotational reinforcement from surrounding matter. A quantitative dissipation timescale, τdissip = Rd / c, is derived for unreinforced seed cores. The paper establishes the Universal Centrality Rule — that every vortical core occupies the exact dynamical centre of its host system — as a structural consequence of formation physics rather than an observational coincidence. The classical singularity and event horizon are replaced by a physically defined four-region finite-core architecture. Hawking radiation is shown to have no physical realisation: all five foundational premises it requires describe conditions that do not exist in a Spaticle substrate universe. The galaxy-whirlpool analogy is given rigorous grounding within the physical conditions of three-dimensional infinite space and the Spaticle medium. Nine common theoretical claims about black holes are examined and addressed. Seven falsifiable predictions are presented.
V. K. Sharma (Wed,) studied this question.