Abstract The three laws of thermodynamics — especially the Second Law — still exist as postulates within the standard framework, lacking a more fundamental physical explanation. Statistical mechanics attributes temperature to the average kinetic energy of molecules and entropy to the logarithm of the number of microscopic states, but “molecules” are not fundamental entities of the universe, and this framework cannot answer three root questions: What is the carrier of heat? What is the essence of temperature? What is the microscopic driving force of entropy increase? Based on the four fundamental axioms of Quantum Ψ Field Cosmology, this paper establishes a complete framework for Quantum Ψ Field Thermodynamics. The core claim is: the only fundamental entity in the universe is the Quantum Ψ Field Polaron, possessing two attributes — density ρ and direction σ; temperature is precisely defined as T = kT · ρ/m, i. e. , the ratio of Polaron density to mass, serving as a local measure of the disordered vibration intensity of the Quantum Ψ Field, nonzero even in “vacuum”; entropy is defined as the relative entropy of the direction field configuration space, i. e. , the geometric measure of the configuration space volume. Starting from the Quantum Ψ Field diffusion equation ∂ρ/∂t = D∇²ρ, the Second Law of Thermodynamics is rigorously derived — entropy increase is no longer a postulate but a necessary consequence of the irreversibility of Polaron diffusion; the arrow of time is determined by the Quantum Ψ Field viscous resistance (Axiom III), thereby resolving Loschmidt’s paradox. At the application level, this theory unifies three gas laws (Charles’s Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law, Boyle’s Law) as consequences of Axiom IV under different boundary conditions; discovers that molar volume Vₘ (22. 4 L/mol) is not a universal constant but a characteristic of the Quantum Ψ Field background density at the Earth’s surface, predicting Vₘ ≈ 8. 5 L/mol on Mars; establishes a unified scaling law for solid thermal expansion spanning approximately 14 orders of magnitude from liquid helium to tungsten; reinterprets the cosmic microwave background radiation as the ground-state thermal vibration of the Quantum Ψ Field, calibrating TCMB = 2. 725 K; and reinterprets the Hawking temperature as a thermal effect of direction field shear dissipation near the black hole event horizon. The theory proposes a three-level testable prediction system, including the finite value of vacuum thermal conductivity (on the order of 10⁻¹⁵ W/ (m·K) ), the planetary dependence of molar volume, and the unified scaling law for solid thermal expansion as decisive tests, which can be experimentally verified within the next 10–20 years. Quantum Ψ Field Thermodynamics elevates temperature from a “statistical approximation” to a “precise measure, ” transforms the Second Law from a “postulate” into a “provable theorem, ” and unifies thermodynamics, gravitation, cosmology, and quantum mechanics on a single ontological foundation.
卫星 梁 (Sat,) studied this question.