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Transportation and land use greatly impact urban climate and environment, yet few studies have quantified transportation factors despite compound risks increasing in frequency and intensity. This study developed a compound risk index (CRI) by integrating road density and transportation infrastructure density with heat intensity, drought intensity, and socioeconomic indicators. Using multi-objective optimization and the Markov model, we developed natural development and climate adaptation scenarios to optimize land use for mitigating compound risk in Beijing. Results revealed higher road density correlated with higher CRI values, which also concentrated near built-up areas. Land-use types also influenced CRI, with impervious and barren showing the highest risks, followed by croplands, grasslands, and forests. The CRI in the climate adaptation scenario was 2.57% lower than in the natural development scenario. These findings highlight transportation factors’ key role in compound risks and underscore strategic land-use planning's importance in mitigating risks, offering actionable insights for sustainable urban development.
Xin et al. (Sat,) studied this question.