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Photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation was investigated using a multilayer-modified electrode composed of a Nafion (Nf) membrane incorporating tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ) sensitizer and an electrodeposited platinum black (Pt-black) adsorbing trinuclear ruthenium complex (Ru-red) ((NH 3 ) 5 Ru(µ-O)Ru (NH 3 ) 4 (µ-O)Ru(NH 3 ) 5 6+ ) as a water oxidation catalyst. In this multilayered indium tin oxide (ITO)/Nf Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /Pt-blackRu-red system, an anodic photocurrent was generated induced by photoexcitation of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ . This anodic photocurrent was much higher than that generated without Ru-red. Dioxygen evolution was also induced by visible light at anodic applied potentials, which was ascribed to rapid transfer of positive charge from Ru(bpy) 3 3+ to Ru-red where water oxidation takes place.
Yagi et al. (1997) studied this question.